Monday, September 30, 2019

Gender Disadvantages In Education Education Essay

In the early 1990s came the first indicants that the instability between male and female accomplishment was altering. The grounds for this emerged foremost from the consequences of the GCSE scrutiny and so from Advanced Level consequences. These showed that the spread between male and female attainment was widening in the favor of females in humanistic disciplines and humanistic disciplines topics, and in the scientific disciplines the traditional advantage of males over females was contracting. Possible readings for this are as follows: foremost that male childs are merely falling behind, secondly, it could now be that societal policy is in fact helping females and thirdly, that attitudes are get downing to alter within the instruction system and females are get downing to work their new found equality. The reading that male childs are falling behind suggests that it is non merely that females are accomplishing better than earlier, but that there is a job with male childs and instruction that has non yet been to the full explored by sociologists. The grounds given for this falling buttocks are varied, but harmonizing to Barber ( 1994 ) they are connected to males developing much less positive attitudes to instruction than females. This negative attitude is manifested in a figure of ways, including lower work rates among male pupils and marks of alienation, such as increased hooky and behaviour jobs among male pupils. It is besides suggested that male equal groups tend to develop less favorable attitudes towards instruction and this creates peer group force per unit area. In 1994 Panorama ( BBC 1, 24 October ) drew on American research to demo that parents spend less clip reading and discoursing books with their boies than with their girls. It was suggested that this could be linked to reluctance among males to read and their poorer criterions of literacy. This position has been influential in carrying some educationists that any docket for equal chances initiatives demands to turn to male underachievement every bit much as that of females. However women's rightists would reason that this account tends to play down the existent advancement being made by female pupils and to deviate attending back to male childs. Males are surely falling behind females in regard of draging exam consequences, but it is non the lone contributing factor. The reading that societal policy is now helping females suggests that a figure of policy alterations have been effectual in promoting female pupils to accomplish in those countries where they have traditionally done ill. The first enterprise was GIST ( Girls in to Science and Technology ) , which was designed to promote female pupils to choose for scientific discipline and engineering. This included such enterprises as set uping visits from female scientists to move as positive function theoretical accounts, developing course of study stuffs that reflected female involvements, non-sexist callings advice and the raising to instructors ‘ consciousness if gender function stereotyping. However critics of this account suggest that it is hard to trap down a general addition in female criterions to this peculiar enterprise, as GIST was reasonably narrow in range and affected merely a few selected schools. Nor were these policies needfully ever followed through because they were expensive to implement. Another enterprise that has been claimed to be successful is the debut of single-sex categories. This builds on the statements of in favor of single-sex schools. Female-only categories provide positive function theoretical accounts, as, for illustration, the scientific discipline instructor excessively has to be female. In scientific discipline lessons, holding no male child in the category removes the domination of research lab equipment by male childs and besides female pupils to reply inquiries and follow their involvements. The positive results of female-only categories are said to be an addition in female assurance and a more positive attitude towards scientific discipline. Critics of this attack argue that female-only categories do non vouch that instructors ‘ attitudes are changed or that sexist stuffs such as text portraying adult females in dependant or administrative functions are non used. As with GIST this attack has merely been adopted by a few schools as it is com paratively expensive to implement. It would besides be hard to happen females who are really qualified to learn traditionally â€Å" male † topics, for illustration the sum of females qualified to learn woodwork is limited, therefore doing individual sex schools on a larger graduated table about impossible unless topics such as woodwork were dropped from the studied course of study. It could besides be that individual sex categories are damaging to male educational attainment. It is true that there are no misss at that place for â€Å" male childs to demo off in forepart of † or â€Å" endeavour to affect † which may enable males to be more focussed on the undertaking at manus. However, a individual sex male category may fuel an anti-school subculture and enhance equal group force per unit area on a much larger graduated table. Some male childs ‘ may derive â€Å" street cred † and peer group position from non working. These male childs may make sub-cultures in some schools which are both anti-education and anti-learning. Their members may good see school work as â€Å" uncool † and â€Å" unmasculine † in peculiar reading may be considered as drilling, feminine and to be avoided at all costs. This may explicate why male childs are less painstaking and miss the application for coursework accomplishments. The debut of GCSE, as opposed to O degree and GCE, is argued to hold favoured females. The rules behind GCSE are that pupils should be able to demo what they ‘know, understand and can make ‘ . In order to accomplish this, coursework has been introduced as a outstanding characteristic of GCSE classs. This constituent is said to favor the consistent and painstaking work that is characteristic of female pupils. Similarly the increased accent on unwritten appraisal is supposed to favor female accomplishments. Besides, the widespread debut of joint Science GCSE ‘s has led to increased public presentation among females as their strong biological science orientation has pulled up their general class in scientific discipline. However the consequence of these inventions is likely to limited. For illustration coursework Markss are limited in GCSE, so there are clear restraints on the sum of benefit female pupils can be said to derive. Nor is it clear that female pupils posses s the properties given to them, such as working systematically harder than males. There is for illustration a clear nexus between category and females ‘ attitude towards school work. The outside school position of altering attitudes suggests that female attitudes towards instruction and work have changed significantly. This is partially because more immature adult females have rallied to the women's rightist call for gender equality and partially because of the employment opportunities available to them. Thus it is claimed that adult females are now more independent minded and ambitious, and with their higher outlooks they are less likely to desire to get married and get down a household at a immature age – instruction, work and calling have become a new focal point of gender individuality ( Sharpe, 1994 ) . Wilkinson ( 1994 ) besides shows that employment has taken over from get downing a household as the chief purpose of immature adult females, and that this displacement in societal attitudes is holding a strong bearing on educational aspirations and public presentation. However it is of import non to overrate the grade of alteration in attitudes. Sharpe ( 1994 ) indicates that many of the females in her 1990s survey, like those in the 1970s research, awaited life as a ‘dual worker ‘ , uniting paid employment and domestic duties. Sharpe besides acknowledges that the desire to derive educational makings may partially reflect females ‘ acknowledgment of the breakability of the labor market in a period of recession. It should besides be highlighted that the increased employment chances are less impressive than at first sight. It may be that the ‘glass ceiling ‘ has been lifted somewhat, so that adult females are found in important Numberss in middle-management places, but females are still underrepresented in the top echelons of direction and overrepresented in the dead-end portion clip work they have traditionally dominated. This deficiency of gender equality is recognised by Sharpe ( 1994 ) , and she sees it as potentially denting the outlooks and aspirations of females in the 1990s. The type of relationship that the pupil has with their instructors has considerable bearing on exam consequences. Teachers have different thoughts about the type of behavior that is consistent with the student ‘s function. Similarly, students have conflicting positions about what makes an ideal instructor. Some students are unable to populate up to the theoretical account of the ideal students held by their instructor. As a consequence it may take to new forms of behavior, which influence their degrees of attainment. A considerable sum of research has been carried out into how instructors make sense of, and respond to behaviour of their students. In his book ‘Outsiders ‘ Howard Becker puts frontward his labelling theory of behavior. His theory suggests that the classifying of behavior by instructors leads to labels being attached to pupils. This categorization will so impact what will finally go on to the student. And therefore will take to the self-fulfilling progn ostication. Ball for case in 1986 found that instructors ‘ labels had affected their public presentation. Whilst Licht and Dwect that male childs are more frequently criticised by their instructors and hence develop negative feelings towards schooling. However in a direct contradiction of the findings of Licht and Dwect, research has provided some grounds that instructors are non as critical with male childs as with misss. They may hold lower outlooks of male childs, anticipating work to be tardily, rushed and untidy and expect male childs ‘ to be more riotous. Some research suggests that male childs are less positively influenced than misss or even turned off by primary school environments which are female dominated and may hold an accent on spruceness or tidiness. Relationships between females and their instructors are by and large better than those enjoyed by the males and their instructors. ( Abraham, 1995 ) One ground for this is that a higher per centum of misss than male childs portion the values of the instructor. Gay Randall, 1987 noted that instructors had more contact clip with misss than with male childs. If a hapless relationship is observed between a instructor and student, it could be a consequence that the student could stop up in a hapless set. Research shows that some underachieve because they were placed in the incorrect set. There was really small difference between the sexes on this issue. Some pupils thought they had been below the belt placed into the incorrect sets. As David Hardgrave ‘s has pointed out, the set that person is in will act upon teacher outlooks. This in bend will act upon public presentation. Students believed that there were moral behavioral jobs in the lower sets. This was more of a job for male childs as their equal group more influenced them Bly, 1996 The set a student is placed in can sometimes be altered at parent ‘s petition, which demonstrates that educational attainment and relationship with parents are linked. J.W. Douglas ‘ work The Home and School reveals that parents have considerable influence over the academic public presentation of their kids in school. This pioneering research has been confirmed by plentifulness of other sociologists, in the 1970 ‘s Berthoud, 1976, Swift 1977, Mackinnon, 1978. Divorce, as other research, shows can badly restrict academic public presentation. In some households, females may be the primary staff of life victors. Consequently, traditional masculine functions are under menace. Working category male childs ‘ perceptual experience of this may act upon their motive and aspiration. They may experience that makings are a waste of clip because there are merely limited chances in the occupation market. They may non see any point hence in working difficult in school A disrupted place will necessarily interfere with a student ‘s ‘home survey ‘ . Home survey is of import to educational attainment and is something that seems to favor misss McRobbie, 1976 Girls are more likely to work harder and make more alteration as they feel they have something to take for. There is besides considerable grounds available that suggests that there is a connexion between prep and educational attainment rating. A recent survey provides grounds that misss spend more clip on prep than male childs, therefore accomplishing and gaining higher classs in test. Boys, chiefly from working category backgrounds, may be sing low ego regard and hapless motive which has holding an inauspicious consequence on their educational public presentation. Research by Harris et Al in 1993 into the attitudes of 16-year-olds from preponderantly working category backgrounds towards school assignment, prep and callings confirms that many male childs are accomplishing below their possible. It was found that misss tended to be more hard-working and better motivated than male childs, whilst male childs were more easy distracted in the schoolroom and less determined to get the better of academic troubles. Overall, misss were prepared to work systematically to run into coursework deadlines, whereas male childs had trouble on organizing their clip. There was a greater preparedness among misss to make school work at place and pass more clip on prep than male childs. When believing about the hereafter, the immature adult females recognised the demand to derive makings, for lives, which would affect paid employment every bit good as domestic duties. By and large, the males has non given much thought to their hereafters and seemed reasonably unconcerned about their hapless school public presentation. The writers relate their findings to the gender ‘regimes ‘ , which the immature people encounter in their places and communities. Some of the misss, exposed to the image of adult females as organizer, responsible for place and household and pay earning, displayed similar features themselves, i.e. being extremely organised with school work and prep. Harris et al argue that the dominant stereotype of the male in the on the job category community they examined was extremely butch. Typically, this was characterised by a neglect for authorization of organizational constructions and an enjoyment of the active company of other males. Some male childs were already carry throughing such a stereotype in their attack to school, demoing small respect for working steadily and disassociating themselves with formal demands. It is non the instance that males are now the disadvantaged sex in instruction, it is merely the instance that females are doing better usage of their new found equality and working the anti-school subculture adopted by their male opposite numbers.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

How Man Is Changing the Environment and Biomes

How is man changing environment or biomes? Man is drastically changing the environment with all the needs he has. Humans cut down entire forests in the course of a month. Then we build buildings in its place making it impossible for anything to grow there. Those trees were a crucial part to the ecosystem and environment, which are now changed forever. We also drive cars, which emit exhaust, which in turn hurts our ozone layer and heats up the Earth. Once the ozone layer is damaged the ice caps melt a little and now the entire environment is changed, all thanks to man.Not to mention that biomes are changed as well due to global warming; the ice caps melt a little and the world gets hotter, thus the biomes near the sea are changed because the water level rises and the weather there is hotter. Another way man is changing biomes and the environment around the world is by building cities. Humans build new buildings every day and those buildings take up space, space that was once a tree, a bit of grassland, or maybe a little pond.The cities we build are all around the world and some of the places where those cities are used to be entire ecosystems. For example the Thames and the area surrounding it in London, England; they were once their own environment and we built over the land surrounding the river and dumped a bunch of garbage into the Thames. The same goes for Denver; it lies on a mountain, the area it lies on used to have creeks and trees, but now it just has buildings and roads. Another part of the environment changed forever due to us humans.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Sources Of Law Introduction To The Malaysian Legal System Sources Of Law

SOURCES OF LAW INTRODUCTION TO THE MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM SOURCES OF LAW The sources of Malaysian law refer to the legal sources i. e. the legal rules that make up the law in Malaysia. The sources of Malaysian law comprise: 1)Written law; and 2)Unwritten law Federal and State Constitutions Written Legislations & Delegated Legislations SOURCES OF MALAYSIAN LAW Judicial Decision English law Unwritten Islamic law Customary Law SOURCES OF LAW: UNWRITTEN LAW Unwritten law is the portion of Malaysian law which is not being enacted by the Parliament or State Legislative Assemblies and is not found in the Federal & State Constitutions.It is found in cases decided by the courts, local customs etc. – The unwritten law comprises the following: – i. Principles of English law applicable to the local circumstances. ii. Judicial decisions of a superior courts e. g. the High Courts, Courts of Appeal and the Federal Court. iii. Customs of the local inhabitants which have been accepted a s law by the courts. iv. Islamic law UNWRITTEN LAW – ENGLISH LAW English law comprises of the common law, the rules of equity and statutes :The common law is the unwritten law which was developed by judges in England based on customs and usages of the society.The common law is recognized and enforced through decisions of courts rather than through parliament or the executive branch of the government. The rules of equity is a body of legal rules formulated and administered by the Court of Chancery in England to supplement the rules and procedures of the common law. Statutes are the laws which are enacted by the legislature/parliament. Reception and Application of English Law in Malaysia ? Started with the informal reception in the Straits Settlement. ? Led to the Malay States through the intervention of the British Resident and advisors. As for the Borneo states since they became British protectorates in 1888, they too informally received English Law. ? The English Law was for mally received under three statutes: ? Civil Law Ordinance 1956 for Peninsular Malaysia ? Application of Laws Ordinance 1951 for Sabah ? Application of Laws Ordinance 1949 for Sarawak ? All the three statutes are now incorporated into the Civil Law Act 1956 ? The principles of English law can be applied in Malaysia by virtue of section 3 and 5 of the Civil Law Act 1956.It provides for the application of the principles of English law in Malaysian courts provided that: ? i) there is a lacuna in law, and ? ii)the principles of English law is suitable to the local circumstances. ? Lacuna = a blank gap or missing part ?Sec. 3(1)(a) of the Civil Law Act 1956 provides that the Court shall in West Malaysia apply the English common law and rules of equity as administered in England on 7 April 1956. This means that only English law, which was used in England as at 7 April 1956 can be used in West Malaysia.Further development of English law after this date cannot be so applied. However, they m ay be persuasive, especially in the absence of local statutory provisions or case law. ?Sec. 3(1(b) of the the Civil Law Act 1956 provides that the Court shall in Sabah apply the English common law, rules of equity and statutes of general application as administered or in force in England on 1 December 1951. ?As for Sarawak , sec. 3(1)(c) of the Civil Law Act 1956 allows the Court to use English common law, rules of equity and statutes of general application in force in England on 12 December 1949. English Commercial Law ? As for English commercial law, sec. 5(1) of the Civil Law Act 1956 provides that for West Malaysia (except for Penang and Malacca), the principles of English commercial law as at 7 April 1956 shall be applied in the absence of local legislation. ? As for the states of Penang, Malacca, Sabah & Sarawak – sec. 5(2) of the Civil Law Act 1956 provides that the principles of English commercial law as at the date on which the matter has to be decided is to be used , where there is no Malaysian legislation on that area. However, as there are an increasing number of Malaysian statutes on commercial law, sec. 5 Civil Law Act 1956 is of diminishing importance. ? The local circumstances clause in sec 3 Civil Law Act 1956 is absent in sec 5 Civil Law Act 1956 , but in practice, sec 5 has been interpreted as if it is subject to this clause as – Shaik Sahied bin Abdullah Bajerai v Sockalingam Chettiar (1933) Section 5 [Specific Application Commercial Matters] ? S 5(1) – All West Malaysia states (Except Penang & Malacca) apply English Commercial Law including statutes on 7/4/1956 S 5(2) – Penang, Malacca, Sabah & Sarawak apply the relevant and applicable English Commercial Law on the date of trial HIERARCHY OF COURTS IN MALAYSIA Federal Court Courts of Appeal High Courts Sessions Courts Magistrates’ Courts Penghulu‘s Courts UNWRITTEN LAW – JUDICIAL PRECEDENT court decisions which make up the ? Judicial decision s are common law of a country. The courts make law by applying the existing law to new situations and by interpreting legislations. Judicial decisions form part of the law of Malaysia through the doctrine of judicial precedent. A judicial precedent is commonly defined as â€Å" a judgment or decision of a court of law cited as authority for the legal principle embodied in its decision†. ? Doctrine = a principle The Doctrine of Judicial Precedent. ? This doctrine states that an earlier decision of a higher ranked court is binding on a later lower ranked court, if the facts in both cases are similar. Thus the cases heard in a higher ranked court lay down legal principles which must be followed by the lower ranked court. Once a precedent is made, it remains binding unless and until overruled by a later decision. The doctrine of judicial precedent is based on the principle of stare decisis, this means that like cases should be treated alike. The general rule is that all courts ar e bound to follow decisions made by courts higher than themselves in the hierarchy and appellate courts are usually bound by their own previous decisions although there are exceptions. ? stare decisis = stand by what has been ? This practice of following precedent is also known as stare decisis (stand by what has been decided).It is a legacy of the English common law system. ? If a judge fails to follow a binding precedent, the decision will be legally wrong and it is likely to be reversed on appeal. Where there is no appeal, it can be overruled in a later case. ? The general rule is, where the subsequent case is in pari materia The Application of the doctrine of Binding Precedent in Malaysia to the earlier case: a) Courts of lower rank in Malaysia are bound to follow the decisions of the courts of higher rank in this country. However, there are exceptions: I.When there is a conflict of decision between higher courts of the same rank : in the case of two conflicting decision of the Court of Appeal, the lower court is entitled to decide which one to follow; in the case of two conflicting decision of the Federal Court the lower court must follow the later decision (because it represents the existing state of the law). Dalip Bhagwan Singh v PP (1998) In pari materia = upon the same matter or subject I. The decision of the higher court though not expressly overruled, cannot in the opinion of the court stand with a decision of the Federal Court. II.Distinguishing precedent – a judge may distinguish the case when there are material differences in facts between the case before him and the case laying down the precedent. ? Hierarchy of the Courts: Federal Court v Court of Appeal v Superior Cts. High Court v Sessions Court v Magistrates’ Court Subordinate Cts. ? Only superior courts are entitled to set up judicial precedents whereas the subordinate courts are duty bound to follow precedents. ? The Federal Court ? The highest ranking court and the final ap peal court. ? The decisions of the Federal Court are binding on all lower Courts. The Federal Court is only bound by its own decision in civil cases. ? Decision of The Court of Appeal ? The Court of Appeal is bound by the decision of the Federal Court. ? The Court of Appeal's decision is binding on all lower courts, including the High Court. ? The Court of Appeal is also bound by its own decision ? Decision of The High Court ? The High Court decision is binding on all subordinate courts. ? The High Court is not bound by its own decision. ? Decision of The Subordinate Court ? The Sessions Courts and Magistrates’ Courts are bound by the decision of the Superior Courts. The Sessions Court and Magistrates’ Court decisions are not binding on any court, including themselves . UNWRITTEN LAW – CUSTOMS ? The regular pattern of social behaviour, accepted by a ? ? ? ? given society as binding upon itself. Customs are proved through repeated acts practiced over a long perio d of time, leading to the conclusion that by common consent they have become the accepted norm, or the law of the place, to the exclusion of ordinary law. In Malaysia, the term is also known as adat or ‘native law & custom’ Art 160 of Federal Constitution includes ‘customs & usages having the force of law’ in the definition of law.This definition distinguished between customs that have legal consequences and those that do not. ? There is no common customary law for all communities. ? Malays – Adat Perpatih & Adat Temenggung ? Natives of Sabah & Sarawak – Native law & custom ? Chinese – Chinese Customary law ? Indian – Indian Customary law ? Customary law consists of customs and traditions including Malay adat, old Chinese and Hindu customs and native law. UNWRITTEN LAW – ISLAMIC LAW ?- Islamic law is another important source of Malaysian law.It refers to the legal rules that are part of the Syariah and enacted as legislati on in accordance with the Federal and State Constitution. incorporation of Islamic principles into land laws and banking laws. Islamic law applies to all Muslims and of particular importance are the laws relating to family matters (marriage & divorce) & division of assets/properties of the deceased persons. ? It is increasingly being applied in our local laws e. g. through the ? In Malaysia the Islamic law applied is of the Shafii school of jurisprudence (mazhab), with some modification by Malay adat (customary) law. Islamic law is applicable only to Muslims and is administered in the Syariah court. Except for the Federal Territories, the states have the power to administer the Islamic law. ? Article 121(1A) of the Federal Constitution states that the civil courts have no jurisdiction in respects of any matter within the jurisdiction of Syariah court. It posseses civil jurisdiction in proceedings between parties who are Muslims, and limited criminal jurisdictions over offences by Mu slims against religion. ? The Sources of Islamic law are: The Quran, Sunnah, Ijma’, Qiyas etc. SOURCES OF LAW: WRITTEN LAW –Written law is the most important source of law in Malaysia. It is in writing and includes the following: the Federal and State Constitutions, legislations and subsidiary/delegated legislation Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the country and no law can go against it. It sets out the structure of the government and states that Malaysia is a system of parliamentary democracy with no separation of legislative and executive branch. However, the judiciary is a separate branch. The Federal Constitution also states the basic rights of every citizens, such as rights to education, citizenship rights and voting rights.There is also freedom to practice one’s own religion, although Islam is the religion of the Federation. – – – – The State constitution sets out the structure of the state governments and provides fo r the existence of a State Legislative Assembly in each state. The function of the state Legislative Assembly is to enact laws for the state. Legislation is enacted by the Parliament at federal level and by the state Legislative Assembly at the state level. The Federal and State legislatures are not supreme as they can only enact laws in accordance with the stipulated procedures in the Federal and State Constitutions.Law made by the Parliament is called an ‘Act’ while law made by the State Legislative Assemblies is called an Enactment or Ordinance. Subsidiary or delegated legislation arises when parliament delegates its rights to make law to another body such as the Minister concerned or a local authority. These laws are known as regulations or by-laws. There is a need for delegation as the Parliament’s time is limited and sometimes specialized expertise in certain areas of the law is required WRITTEN LAW – FEDERAL CONSTITUTION ? The meaning of the term â €˜Constitution’ It is used in two senses: ?The body of legal and non-legal rules concerning the government of a state ? A single written document having special legal status, which establishes the state, and sets out the structure and powers of the state ? In Malaysia, there are 13 states and three federal territories ? There is one Federal Constitution and 13 States Constitutions ? The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land. – The FC sets out the structure of the country’s government and states that Malaysia applies the system of parliamentary democracy. It lays down : i) the power of the Federal and State Governments ii) fundamental rights of ndividual such as the rights to education, voting & freedom to practice one’s own religion, although Islam is the official religion of the country. iii) Citizenship iv) the judiciary v) Financial provisions vi) Public Services vii) Relationship between Federation and the States viii) etc. WRITTEN LA W – STATE CONSTITUTION ? Each state has its own constitution. ? This constitution regulates the government of that particular state. ? The powers of a state is provided in the ‘State List' of the Federal Constitution. Example of matter which falls under the State List is Islamic personal and family laws. WRITTEN LAW – LEGISLATION Also known as primary legislation ? Refers to law enacted by: ? Parliament – at federal level ? State Legislative Assemblies – at state level ? Article 74(1) –Parliament makes laws on matters listed in the Federal List or Concurrent List ? Article 74(2) – State Legislature makes laws on matters listed in the State List or Concurrent List. ? Article 75 – if state law inconsistent with federal law the federal law prevails. Types of Legislation ACTS Enacted by Parliaments ENACTMENTS Enacted by State Legislative Assemblies ORDINANCES Promulgated by the YDPA During Emergency & Laws enacted by Sarawak State L egislative Assembly Laws enacted by the Parliament btw 1st Apr 1946 – 10th Sept 1959 ? Also known as delegated/ subordinate legislation ? Law made through powers delegated by the legislature to a WRITTEN LAW – SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION body or person via a parent statute ? Sec 3 of the Interpretation Act 1948 & 1967 defines SL as: ? ‘Any proclamation, rule, regulation, order, notification, bylaw or other instrument made under any Act, Ordinance or other lawful authority & having legislative effect. ’ ? Why SL is needed: i. The legislature has insufficient time ii.Better to leave the highly technical aspect of the legislation to the experts or administrators on the job iii. The legislature is not continuously in session & the procedures are cumbersome The Federal Constitution The general features of the Malaysian Federal Constitution: ? The Supremacy of the Federal Constitution. – In Ah Thian v Government of Malaysia (1976), Suffian LP pointed out that the doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy does not apply in Malaysia. Here we have a written constitution. The power of Parliament and state legislatures in Malaysia is limited by the Constitution. The legislature, the executive and the judiciary and all institutions created by the Federal Constitution and deriving their powers from it are subject to the provisions of the Federal Constitution. – Article 4(1) of the FC declares that the FC is the supreme law of the federation and any law passed after the merdeka day that is inconsistent with FC is (to the extent of the inconsistency) void. – Art 162 – pre merdeka laws shall be applied with such modifications as may be necessary to make them accord with the FC – In Dewan Undangan Negeri Kelantan & Anor v. Noordin Bin Salleh & Anor.The Supreme Court declared that a law passed by the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly to be void as the said state law contravened the provisions of the Federal Constitution that guaranteed the freedom of association. ? Fundamental Liberties/ Basic Human Rights ? The Constitution highlights and safeguards certain fundamental human rights essential for the continuance of human race. ? The constitution protects our freedom an restrains any law or any other power from encroaching and taking away our basic rights. ? Examples: o Article 5 – No one shall be deprived of his life or personal iberty except through the provisions of law. A person may not be unlawfully detained, he must be informed of the ground of his arrest and must be produced before a Magistrate within 24 hours. o Article 6- prohibits slavery and forced labour. o Article 7- protects against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials. o Article 8 –provides for equality before the law and equal protection of the law. o Article 9 – provides for freedom of movement o o o o Article 10 – freedom of speech, expression and association. Art 11 – Rights to profess & pr actice & propagate religion Art 12 – Rights of education Art 13 – Rights to propertyRestraints†¦ ? Art 5 – i) Govt. entitled to stop/prevent individual from leaving/visiting country for various reasons. E. g. political boycott, threat of war, pending criminal charges, etc . , ii) Internal Security Act – detention w/o trial : exempted from complying with Art 5 ? Art 6 – compulsory service for national purposes – work incidental to serving of imprisonment are not considered slavery/labor force ? Art 7 – the acquitted/convicted can be subjected to disciplinary action by a domestic tribunal for the same offence, OR being tried under difference statute Art 8 – Art 153 allows reservation of quotas for bumiputras – AG is given power to discriminate individual for public interest – Certain people – enjoy immunity. E. g. monarch, diplomat, special rapporteur for UN ? Art 9 – subject to banishment order m ade by Deputy Minister of Home Affairs under s 2(i) of Restricted Residence Enactment ? Art 10 – Freedom of speech: Defamation Act 1957, Sedition Act 1948, Official Secrecy Act, Printing Presses & Publications Act 1984 Freedom of Assembly : Permit is sin qua non. Has to satisfy the police the assembly is not prejudicial & excite disturbance of peace Art 11 – Propagation is subjected to clause 4 where the state & federal law may restrict, control the act of propagation of any religion among persons professing Islam Clause 5 – In exercising religious practices, The FC forbids any act which may lead to public disorder, affect public health or public morality. Case: (Halimatussaadiah v Public Service Commission, Malaysia, Anor [1992] ? Art 12 – subject to Art 152 : national language and Art 153 : bumiputra quotas. Case: Merdeka University v Govt of M’sia [1982] ? Art 13 – subject to acquisition by the govt. ut entitled to receive fair & reasonab le compensation. Case: K’jaan Negeri Johor & Anor v Adong bin Kuwau & Ors [1998] ? Amendment of the Federal Constitution ? All institutions created by the Federal Constitution and deriving their powers from it are subject to the provisions in Federal Constitution . ? The provisions that are written in the Federal Constitution can only be amended by certain methods provided for by the Federal Constitution itself. ? Article 159 provides for 4 methods by which the Federal Constitution can be amended: 1. Requiring Special Majorities 2. Requiring Consent of Conference of Ruler 3.Requiring Consent of Sabah & Sarawak 4. Not requiring Special Majorities DIVISIONS/CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAW ? Legal rules can be divided up in many different ways. ? Not all legal rules are of the same type ? They show differences in purpose, in origin and form, in the consequences when the rules are breached and in matters of procedure, remedies and enforcement. EXAMPLES OF DIVISION OF LEGAL RULES ? 1. stat ute v common/case law ? 2. criminal law v civil law ? 3. national law v international law ? 4. public law v private law Criminal law v civil law ? Criminal law means the law relating to crime. Civil law means the law not relating to crime. ? The difference relies in the nature of the proceedings and the sanctions that may follow DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A CRIME AND A CIVIL WRONG CRIME ? 1. A crime is a public CIVIL WRONG ? 1. A civil wrong is an wrong. It constitutes breaches and violations of public rights and duties due to the community as a whole. infringement of a private civil right which belongs to an individual. ? 2. A crime is prosecuted by ? 2. A civil wrong is filed by the public prosecutor on behalf of the government; criminal charges cannot be filed by an individual.An act is a crime if the sanction is enforced at the discretion of the state using a criminal procedure. the damaged or wronged individual. An act is a civil wrong if the sanction is enforced at the discretion of the party whose right has been violated, using a civil procedure. ? 3. If the outcome of the ? 3. Civil wrongs are usually procedure is punishment in the form of sentencing after a finding of guilt, then the act or wrong is a crime. Crimes are punishable by imprisonment, fines or capital punishment. resolved through awarding monetary damages to the wronged individual.If the outcome is a judgment for damages, compensation, restitution, declaration of rights, order of specific performance, a prerogative order, etc. , then the act or wrong is a civil wrong. ? 4. The punishment for ? 4. There is no set limit on crimes has already been set down in rule and punishment is generally decided by the type of crime that was committed, the seriousness of the offence and, in some instances, the history of the offender. the amount one found guilty of a civil wrong can be made to pay. PUBLIC LAW V PRIVATE LAW ? Public law is concerned with the distribution nd exercise of power by the state and the legal relations between the state and the individual. ? For example, the rules governing the powers and duties of local authorities, the regulation of building standards, the issuing of passports, the compulsory purchase of land to build motorway all fall within the ambit of public law. ? Private law is concerned with the legal relationships between individuals such as the liability of employers towards their employees for injuries sustained at work, consumer’s rights against shopkeepers and manufacturers over faulty goods or owners’ rights to prevent others walking across their land.

Friday, September 27, 2019

What are the key differences between the two major political parties Essay

What are the key differences between the two major political parties Democratic Party vs Republican Party - Essay Example Even though the issues affecting Americans have been recognized by the leadership of the two parties, it is the way to tackle such issues that has created two distinct categories of leadership styles all these years. This paper will closely examine the two parties’ policy approaches in the history of American democracy and find out the major differences that the said parties exhibit through the leaders they have often elected. The paper will try to establish if the two parties have influenced the way a democratic or a republican party elected presidential candidate is bound to approach the implementation of certain issues of public interest or even act on matters that face the country during their reign. There are quite a few of ideological differences based on the Republicans’ and the Democrats’ policies. Such differences were recently cited to have polarized the nation in the recently concluded elections in the United States that saw president Obama clinch a second term in office. To begin, the democrats have in a way tried to create a favorable environment for economic expansion, expanding individual opportunity and assisting the poor so that it has reduced the gap between the rich, the middle income earners, and the poor. The Republicans, however, believe that by the government creating a conducive environment or benefits, so to speak, only help in creating ‘a nation of takers’ (Harwood, 2013). This brings out the Republicans as those interested in making the richer become richer while the middle class and lower class citizens continue to find their path to economic empowerment. If this fact is anything to go by, then this might explain the incumbent pr esidents â€Å"coalition† that made his re-election possible. It is mostly the low income earners and the youth who formed a formidable force that propelled the presidents’ efforts for a second term in the White House. Steinhauer (2013) further elaborates this and states that due to subsequent victories by the Democrats for the presidential race that has been largely sparked by the voting pattern influenced by the rich Hispanic votes in favor of the Democrats, the Republicans have attempted to formulate a plan. For instance, they were pushing immigrants to immigrate to the U.S. or reside permanently if their stay was illegal. The Democrats, on the other hand, have discouraged immigration due to pressure on the existing resources. This push might be unrealistic but is a good indicator of the approaches the Republican Party has taken in reaction for the response such voters have always given to their initial policy stance (Fried, 2008). They have been known to push for s trict measures like deportation and use of electric fences and even use of excessive force to prevent illegal immigrants from entering the country. The economy has been a major battle front for the two parties. It is evident that the two parties have approached spending, for instance, in a different way. Many have cited that the Democrats have often struggled to repair a broken economy inherited from their Republican counterparts who have promoted massive spending, especially on the military. While the Democrats believe that America should be a self-sustaining model of financial spending by the federal government, the Republican version of self-sustenance has been to enormously spend on the military so that

Thursday, September 26, 2019

PROMOTING BETTER PATIENT CARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PROMOTING BETTER PATIENT CARE - Essay Example Speech-language pathologists are certified by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and hold the masters degree or the degree certified to be suitable for the role. (McKay, 2012a, p.1) The speech therapists role is to guide and simulate the process of recovery by means of speech and language exercises. Autism, cleft palate, brain or damage disorders, voice disorder, stammering are some of the causes for the speech difficulties. There are normal swallowing and speech changes after the head and neck cancer treatment and they need assistance of the speech pathologist. (â€Å"Encyclopedia of Health†, 2010, p. 977) A social worker help patients and families cope up with the problem resulting from long term illness, injury and rehabilitation. ‘Medical and public health social worker provide psychosocial support to those affected by chronic, acute, or terminal illnesses. They work with patients, families, and caregivers.’(Mc Kay, 2012b, p. 1)The Council on Social Work Education accredits the baccalaureate and master’s degree programs in social work in the United States. (Zastrow, p. xx) Communication is an important tool for the speech therapists as it enables them to interact with the patient and develop the confidence in them. The treatment varies according to its severity and is based upon the patient’s case history and also relies on the patient’s verbal report of symptoms. There is a major concern in the availability of speech therapists and if the facility did not have this specialty, then the use of interdisciplinary team concept is appropriate. It is a group of health care professionals from diverse fields who work in a coordinated fashion toward a common goal for the patient.(â€Å"Interdisciplinary teams†, Medical Dictionary) The team includes mostly the individual with severe communication disabilities, a family member or guardian, a speech-language pathologist,

Leadership in healthcare practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership in healthcare practice - Essay Example This essay Leadership in healthcare practice discusses that developing skills and determination for goal achievements must be a priority in career development. Leadership is a crucial aspect of healthcare practice that has a direct implication into planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating and budgeting for both the human resources and other working aids within a health care delivery facility. It is important to acquire leadership skills in a nursing training course, as it forms a basis for enabling cooperation and collaboration with other health care personnel to improve health care quality. Analysis of leadership presented in this paper encompasses on a personal reflection on the person’s leadership abilities based on the five elements of leadership ie, vision, communication skills, change, stewardship, and developing and renewing followers. I believe I possess the best communication skills in relation to my peers. Growing up as a child, I came to learn of the importance of listening as a tool for the development of communication. I thus have a strength with my listening skills that enables me to acquire concrete information and ideas that can be effectively presented to others. However, being timid is my most weakness in relation to communication skills. In as much as I can maintain a concrete communication and presentation to a tiny audience, I find it cumbersome to speak to a large audience or a meeting and a forum, thus making me not to be as articulate as when talking to a small group.

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

The Depression and the New Deal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Depression and the New Deal - Essay Example When Roosevelt assumed office in 1933, he displaced a president who had failed to solve the riddle of 20th-century presidential communication: how to mobilize a mass public separated from him by time and space. Indeed, it is unclear that Herbert Hoover even recognized his dilemma. For most of his presidency, Hoover preferred to confine his interactions to Washington elites; he preferred not to address the national public. Throughout his presidency, he held to his belief that the depression of 1929-1939 was a consequence of economic laws and cycles, and that, consequently, his time was best spent making policy rather than communicating with the public1 (Schlesinger 1957 cited in Carcasson 1998). During the presidential campaign of 1932, Hoover rejected a suggestion that he make a series of 10minute radio addresses, saying that it was "difficult to deal with anything over the radio except generalities, without embarrassing actual accomplishments that are going forward" (cited in Abbott 1990). In contrast, Roosevelt was determined to use the new medium of radio to establish a firm relationship with the public. It was during his term as governor of New York, from 1928 to 1932, that Roosevelt developed a rationalized system for using the radio to establish a relationship with the public (Peters 2000). Roosevelt created an efficient, systematic, and predictable publicity system, one that was acknowledged at the time to be the slickest peacetime publicity effort ever seen in U.S. politics to that date (Ward 1999). Besides promoting positive newspaper coverage of the New Deal, an important function of this coordinated activity was the projection of Roosevelt's personality to the public. Its message was that the New Deal was taking positive, effective measures to help people, and the President was firmly in control of, and responsible for, this process. The organized nature of these publicity efforts carried over to the production of the Fireside Chats. According to Fine (cited in Sussman & Daynes 2004), much like radio and movie scripts, the Chats were produced by committee. Various groups of officials, from departmental officials to cabinet members to advisors who held no official government position, participated in their production. Each group produced information that was funneled to a central group charged with putting the pieces together. Fine went on to note that President Roosevelt read each draft, paying careful attention to word length and the number of s's1. He wanted short, simple statements, with no abstractions, or what he called "weasel words." He paid careful attention to the rhythm and timing of each speech, speaking each draft out loud to ensure a proper pace. He often wrote the conclusion himself, so as to end on a proper "high" note. Throughout, he used the public opinion data collected by his staff to fashion h is appeal in ways likely to resonate with his mass audience. The resulting chat, looked much like a "cuesheet for a stage play. All the signals were clearly marked: the pauses by dashes, the word to be emphasized is underlined, the phrase marked for special treatment1". In their structure,

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

BIOLOGY Paper - Amphibian Development - Human Development Essay

BIOLOGY Paper - Amphibian Development - Human Development - Essay Example s belong to Tetrapods or four-legged vertebrates and are considered as ectothermic vertebrates.3 Physically, frogs’ skin is smooth, has three-chambered heart, and does not have claws on their toes. Frogs usually lay their eggs in water until it hatches to into tadpole or larva. Tadpoles has to be on the water since they breathes with their gills. Chicks are classified as endothermic vertebrates. 3 Their physiological appearance includes skin covered with feathers, has four-chambered heart, lightweight bones that are hollow, and with wings. Similar to frogs, chicks also lay eggs. In comparison between the eggs produced by chicks and frogs, the egg that comes from chicks has more yolk than the frogs. Since human fertilized egg or the zygote does not contain any yolk, we will take into consideration the frog’s reproduction and development as the best choice in comparison with the human reproduction and development process. There is a huge difference between a frog egg (mesolecithal egg) and human ova (egg cells). Mesolecithal egg has a moderate amount of yolk being distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the egg with more concentration towards the ‘vegetal pole.’ On the other hand, the human ova do not show traces of yolk. Also, the external portion of the frog egg has a smooth surface while the human ova has an uneven surface. Frog egg is divided into a dark pigmented hemisphere called the animal hemisphere while the lightly pigmented hemisphere is known as the vegetal hemisphere. The gray crescent is the dorsal surface of the embryo that plays a role in establishing the embryonic axis. See figure 1. Human ova, measures around 0.2 mm. in diameter, are enclosed within the egg follicles of the ovaries.5 The cell substance of the ovum i is called oà ¶plasm.10 (in amphibians, oà ¶plasm is equivalent to the yolk) The nucleus is known as the germinal vesicle while the nucleolus is the germinal spot. The ovum is enclosed by a thick transparent envelope called the

Monday, September 23, 2019

Using Research Evidence. (paper subject - Health and social care) Essay

Using Research Evidence. (paper subject - Health and social care) - Essay Example However, the definition that really caught my attention was the one that defined research as a systematic, planned, investigation of a stated problem with a pre-established or decided outcome, which will contribute to understanding the issue in question (Carnwell, 2015). In all the above definitions, there is the element of systematic, and planned even if not directly but may synonymously be implied by the used words. In other words, research must be systematic and planned. This is a research that basically depends on collection and gathering of quantifiable or measurable data. It may be defined as a method that involves collecting numerical data under controllable conditions and the subsequent statistical analysis of information generated afterwards (Burns & Grove, 2001). In summary, it has the following characteristics that make it distinct from qualitative research: Under this research, there is a single objective that defines the study plus, the report must be based on statistics. Correlations and other measures of central tendencies are calculated and reported (Johnson & Christensen, 2008). This research involves collecting and analyzing systematically materials, using personal feelings through procedures in which there tends to be a minimum of researcher control to minimize bias of the researcher (Polit & Hungler, 1993). In this type, there is mostly personal feelings involved and most of the findings are not quantifiable. Evidence can be said to be either valid, relevant, reliable or valid and relevant or valid and reliable. When it comes to evidence based practice, there is need to use the best evidence for decision-making. For this reason, the evidence needs to be one that can be reliably be depended upon since life is at stake. They would want o use the best evidence available from the previous research. Evidence may be valid with regards to a particular case or person, but may fail the relevancy test for which

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Seven Ages of a Leader Essay Example for Free

Seven Ages of a Leader Essay Each stages of leadership brings new crises and challenges. Every new leader faces the misperceptions and the personal needs and agendas of those who are to be led. The seven ages of leadership give a clear idea about the different stages of leadership. They are, †¢The Infant Executive †¢The Schoolboy with shining face †¢The Lover ,with a woeful ballad †¢The Bearded Soldier †¢The General, Full of wise saws †¢The statesman, with spectacles Nose †¢The sage, second childishness The initial stage of the leader says that the leader is like a child and he needs others dependency and support. He do everything with the support of others. The next stage is like a school boy with shining face. In that time the leadership experience is an agonizing education like parenting. In the third stage the leader is the lover with a woeful ballad. One mark of the future leaders is the ability to identify. Today’s leaders would instantly recognize the young king’s predicament. New comer or not , almost all leaders find themselves at some point in the position of having to ask others to leave the organization. In the fourth age of the leadership is like the bearded soldier. At the case of over time leaders grow comfortable with the role. This comfort brings more confidence to the leaders In this stage leaders may forget the true impact of their words and actions at that the leader think that there is no need for hearing what the followers said . In this stage the leader acts very strictly and adopt a seriousness character The next age of leadership is like the general with full of wise saws. One of the greatest challenges faced by the leader is that the leader’s career is not simply allowing people to speak the truth but actually being able to hear it. In this stage the leader is with the feature of wise saws. In the fifth stage the leader is like a statesman , with spectacles. The leader in this stage is often hard at work he prepare something for the benefit of the organization. In the last age of leadership the leader is again go to the childishness this is called second stage childishness In this stage the leader acts as a mentor and he really know what he have achieved will not be lost.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The Business Objectives Of New Technologies Information Technology Essay

The Business Objectives Of New Technologies Information Technology Essay Prior to think about starting new business or implementing new technology to the business, one must think about the Objectives what they are expecting from it and objectives are based on planning. Therefore, plan is the most important part and if plan does not figure out the outcomes, this would mean that the plan made is vain. So planning should be made under consideration that whatever objectives we are going to calculate from the business, plan should stipulate end results and its associated activities to achieve that results. Objective may be set under the consideration of increase in monthly sale, profit or decrease in cost, operating expenses, check and balance on cash flows, debts, investments etc or non financial objectives such as customer satisfaction and whatsoever to give the positive edge to the business in the competitive environment. However, the selected topic would highlight the introduction of a new technology in an organisation in achieving its business objectives in following discussion. 1. Introduction Lots of executives nowadays are more sentient about the strategic weight of technology in terms of providing the value and cut-throat edge to their companies in fast pacing business arena. Such kind of needs turn into more crucial issues when we talk about their practical implications in any business as it comprises not only cost and complexity but also increase in the rate of technology change, sources and competition. This may sound uncomplicated in terms of designing it on papers, however putting it prudently into practice is not simple, as it requires valuable processes, management of technology and system to make sure that these technological resources are matched with the business needs, not only to cope with current demand but for the future needs of the business as well. Hence, no matter what technology is planned to introduce in the business, but it must considered that it assists the business processes such as communication and its implementation must be aligned with business strategy and development. 1.1 Technology And Its Appendage To Business We can define technology in many ways and the abstracts from the various definitions highlight different aspects that epitomize technology and this can be deemed as a precise type of knowledge however this may also be in material form in a shape of physical object, e.g. it can be a machine, system, module or product. Moreover, when we talk about important elements of technology then we come across with the sense that these elements distinguish technology from ordinary understanding to precise understanding of the company, as technology comprises with engineering and science. And the procedures which work effectively for its functions are also very important, for instance organisations structures and software applications / tools together with innovative procedures and advancement of new product etc. Obtaining awareness about the technology and accommodating it for its effective use is crucial, as technical know-how of any technology consists of both overt and unspoken knowledge. Where, overt know-how can be explained whether in a form of report, process or user manual, together with the physical equipment. However, unspoken technological knowledge can not be easily expressed and depends on training and understanding of work such as obtaining different skills according to the need of work. Equally like technology, we can portrait technology appendage to business in a way that it concentrates on the effectual recognition, selection, getting hold of development, utilization and shielding of technology needed to uphold a market place and business recital in conformity with companys objectives. So technology appendage to business can demonstrate as ascertaining and upholding the link between resources and objectives of the company and this requires suitable processes and tools sustai n by effective management and communication. 1.2 Management of Technology Once technology introduces to the business the next phase comes in the shape of its management which elucidate the demanding processes to build up an incessant relationship between product and services that it can produce desired results while serving to the target market. In this way it becomes easy for it to put together all technological issues arise during the business processes, including innovation, operation management, strategy development and new product development and ultimately the extraction of those issues with best solutions. Excellent management of technology requires the strong link of knowledge and communication among the technological and commercial perspectives in the organization and this would help to accomplish a balance between technology push and market pull. Thus, it does not only depend alone on either internal or external factors but equally on both factors such as business objectives, inside culture of the company and dynamics of the market. Following figure shows how technology can support to both product and services to achieve its best and cost efficient results while simultaneously focusing on business strategy and available market opportunities. Key Challenges As challenges are associated with all of the businesses, fields, professions, processes, etc similarly there are various challenges attached with the introduction of new technology to the business few of the vital challenges are as follows: Comprehensible Business Need The first challenge prior to decide the introduction of new technology to the business is Need and this must be taken into account with high consideration as cost of implementing new technology must not exceed the benefits originate from it. Otherwise lack of clear business need may affect worst to the business position and ultimately may put business out from the market. 1.3.2 Valuable Business Processes Once its decided that there is a genuine need of the new technology in the business and competitive advantage would be driven into the business, then there is a need to think about how to develop valuable business processes which would align all internal and external factors with the business strategy to achieve its objectives and it must not overload from limited or short term tasks only. Organisation Culture Culture of any organisation is vital for its success so new technology must be supportive to its culture and should participate in the effective progress of making culture stronger than the ongoing culture and definitely it should not impede the ongoing progress otherwise the introduction of new technology would be costly rather than beneficial to the company. 1.3.3 Right People and Functions There is also a need to ensure that right people and functions must be aligned with new technology as it all depends on the knowledge and skills so if the right persons are not put in place to exercise it or in the process of making functions to obtain competitive outcomes then the best use of new technology may concealed forever from the companys desired results. 1.3.4 Obligation from Senior Management Obligation from senior management is required for this introduction as they are in command to decide and use of the technology. As they are working for the best interest of the shareholders so every decision from them must be transparent and they are accountable and responsible for their actions towards the companys progress. Lack of commitment in this regard may affect worst on the decision of introduction of new technology. 1.3.5 Required Data / Information Availability of required data / information is essential that could support the companys decision for the introduction of new technology. Because this would help the management to decide whether these is a need for the new technology in the business or they can make outsource arrangements for the required processes without this data / information company may play blind ultimately associated cost would turn their profit into loss. Effective Tools / Techniques Effective tool, techniques and methods must be analysed which would be associated to the new technology as these should not either play a difficult or negative role in the companys ongoing processes. Consequently, these would leave destructive impact on the operations and company may face solvency or loss due to the introduction of new technology. Effectual Training and Monitoring Training must be provided to all of the staff members involved in the processes affected by the introduction of new technology as without the proper training they may face difficulty to use or bypass cost effective processes and finally monitoring is vital for the sake of observing the desired benefit calculated prior to the introduction. If company achieves its objectives then its beneficial and would give competitive advantage and if not then company always move with the contingency plan to depart from the use of new technology or processes. 2. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) New Technology By Tesco Tesco is trying to develop the idea of introducing new technology Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) from last 5 years with a perspective to align it with its business strategy. 2.1 How It Works This technology has an ability to track and tag items, on the other hand its implication is enormous. For instance, the movement of stock can be tracked and in transit products can be easily monitored, so inventory of all items can be examined at any time. 2.2 Enhanced Customer Availability With the help of stock tracking in real time and ability to record it automatically, this technology will help the staff members to re-shelve the items on time. Eventually, it will be the reason for enhanced customer availability to the stores. 2.3 Reduced Pricing Through this technology control over the waste in store, effective supply chain management and better stock levels would help Tesco to reduce the products prices to obtain competitive advantage. In simple words products would be ordered in controlled manner such as Just In Time delivery before the stock ends and eventually minimum waste of it in store. 2.4 Enhanced Customer Services Due to control over all other aspects such as enhanced products availability, the staff would be able to provide excellent and focused customer services. As, they would get awareness of stocks in seconds of time whether items are available or not together with tracking the misplaced items and putting them back to their places. 2.5 Automated Re-order As, this technology keeps record of all items available in stores, in transit, misplaced in the store and control over the wastage of inventory. So, it would be possible to reorder items automatically based on the contact of minimum level of stocks of each item. 2.6 Implementation Issues Tesco is still working on this project to implement it in its stores but there are many issues left and need appropriate intention and secure programming. The main barrier around its implementation is the requirement of huge cost and without cost / benefit analysis Tesco is not ready to implement / test it in any of its stores. But it is expected that it will introduce in 2010. The other main issue which has to consider carefully that this technology has a potential of spy and this issue has already risen by Civil Rights activists. Also there is apprehension about the manipulation of data in terms of changing in the product price by customers. For instance, PDA (hand held device) may edit the tag of one item with the price of another. 2.7 Conclusion The idea behind introducing the new technology is that whether it endows positive and efficient results to what is currently in use by the company or not. So, the thing is company has to decide that whether they need to upgrade the existing technology already in use or introduce the new technology to achieve business objectives while taking advantage of the more profit, competitive edge / enhancement of operational activities or if they can push the business activities forward without introduction of new technology. Also company must take its vision in account and must ensure that this new technology is heading towards the same direction and has ability to dominate the future approach of performing a task in the companys favour or will it become obsolete after a little time (companys loss in terms of functional cost) or complex in use that customers will lean while using it at the time to buy a product (damage of image). Apart from the criticism about spy and other associated issues, Tesco knows that introduction of new technology has other short terms issues as well such as re-organising, re-training of staff, educating customers how to use it etc. Moreover, the cost / benefit analysis are left behind and has to analysed before the implication of this new technology. This is fair to say while concluding from the introduction of new technologys analysis that business would not obtain benefits if it is same alike so. And if without introducing new technology a business is already standing on the top of competitive environment then there is no need to introduce new technology to the business but hold the card to put off when any of the competitors changes its approach to come forward in the competitive business arena. 3. Approaches Of Introduction Of New Technology Once I read the available list for The Oxford Brookes University  Research and Analysis Project (RAP) by ACCA, I decided to write on How the introduction of a new technology can assist an organisation in achieving its business objectives and for this purpose I selected Tesco RFID to refer it with the different available approaches. Following are various approaches / levels / stages etc that every company may consider while functioning about the introduction of new technology to achieve their business objectives: 3.1 Planning Of Product / Technology This is the very common type towards the introduction of new technology in the business and it covers the entire processes that a company may come across with right from its start to its end. This stage helps the company to insert technology in their running system and contrived products. Tesco RFID prior to its development was taken into account with a consideration of individual customers understandings and needs. The idea was based on customers shopping experience and wastage of stock in the stores. So they planned to introduce a new technology that regulates with the current operational activities and this process can be seen in the following figure which shows the timely introduction and connection of products-technologies relationship on planning stage. 3.2 Capabilities Of New Technology After the planning stage, the next step companies consider for the introduction of new technology in their businesses is analysing the capabilities to handle the current operations of the organisation by new technology that it should enhance the performance of the ongoing processes and should not become the reason of either making it difficult to handle or making the current operations more complex than their existing way. Same as in the case of RFID, Tesco reviewed its existing operations and analysed that with the help of capabilities of new technology together with the management serving the customers by giving individual attention, the implementation of RFID would be very effective. The technology captured positive perception but still issues are associated with it and Tesco is working hard to resolve these issues. Tesco management knows that it would give them cost reduction benefit by controlling over the wastage of stock but the implementation is still delayed due to the high initial cost requirement and other issues. But, it seems like Tesco management is sure about technologys capabilities and exceptional services by staff members so they know that it would help Tesco to understand that how much investment is required to implement it properly and ultimately this would become a rationale in increased business activities plus profit. Following figure shows the interrelationship between all activities behind the introduction of new technology in the business to achieve its objectives. 3.3 Strategic Approach It is very important to keep in mind about the future vision of any introduction of new technology in the business as it comprises on the all vital aspects of the business environment including market, product, skills, technology etc. So prior to deciding for the new technology, companies should made the vision that what they are expecting from this new project that it should stroll along with all vital aspects of the business without having conflict with any of it. The same way, Tesco realised that they can save much of the costs they are wasting in a way of stock wastage and made vision that this RFID would produce excellent results in terms of increase in sales and reduction in costs including management cost and more important is that it is aligned with its operations and future vision. Following figure shows the how the strategic approach works for the business even to fill out the gap which turns up due to the comparison of current position with the future vision. 3.4 Information System Information system is vital part of every successful project and especially when thinking about to introduce new technology to the business. All of the projects essences up to its success are based on the right information on timely basis. If wrong information driven on the initial stage would mean the wrong decision for the future and ultimately it would drive company towards cost and loss of business. Tesco for instance, when initially took step for introducing the RFID they came across from many experiments in the shape of surveys and observing customers behaviour and they collected right information from its various outlets to make decision about introducing new technology. So, we can see from the following figure that right information on right time in the process of technology development provides the dominant outcome (e.g. nugget in the fig) leads to cost effective edge in the companys operations. 3.5 Asset and Management Knowledge On the basis of aligning available management and asset knowledge companies can portray the future demands. Asset knowledge relates to the processes on which management takes decision about the projects and their needs including introduction of new technology and this is the stage where management takes business objectives very carefully in to account. As Tesco on the basis of its knowledge and management skills enabled it to take a decision about to introduce RFID. With the help of following figure we can analyse that how all aspects of introduction of new technology in business such as assets, knowledge and management help to align all the processes while focusing on the eventual end of achieving business objectives. 4. Issues With Introduction Of New Technology Similar to all projects, there are various issues attached with the introduction to new technology and these issues must take into account very sensibly to achieve the desire business objectives. However the most import issue is Software, as almost all of the technologies are dependent on software that enables its effective use so companies must consider the following main issues related to software: Software should define all aspects of the business processes without any conflict with inter-related activities from enabling data, sharing information, to all templates and protocols. Software should enable management to retrieve data for decision making, analysing situations, and managing the complexities in the systems etc. Software must provide the critical paths of the activities along with available activities which can start parallel to the critical paths to save time and cost and eventually helping management to make timely decisions. Software must have ability to uphold market information, product-market analysis, option evaluations, assessment of technology up gradation etc. Software should have ability to customise it on timely basis according to the requirement to obtain utmost results from the technology. Software should have ability for integration of methods, processes and information. Software must have ability to facilitate the business processes from importing and exporting data simultaneously connecting with other management and business information systems. Software interface must be user friendly with ability to grow with company, this would mean that it must have ability to support multi-users as data would input from various locations and types. Must consider that only software alone may not produce good results as its role is just to support business activities and it depends on the management that how they utilise the best from the information generated from the software. 5. Pros and Cons Of Introduction Of New Technology Like every object new technology introduction also has pros and cons to the business as the logic behind the introduction of new technology is that businesses want to make their activities and processes more efficient as compare to their current available needs. 5.1 Advantages of Introduction of New Technology Following are the advantages of the new technology in business: 5.1.1 Cost Efficient The first and main advantage behind the decision of introduction of new technology is cost saving. 5.1.2 Productivity Increased productivity in terms of production, planning and efficiency is also one of the advantages associated with introduction of new technology to the business. 5.1.3 Reduction in Workforce Automated activities help companies to reduce the workforce eventually this would help as a source of cost saving. 5.1.4 Profitability As efficiency increased it reduces the cost so introduction of new technology to the new business allows work to be done more quickly which would mean more fluency of cash inflows to the business. 5.1.5 Employees Motivation Once company achieved its business objectives from the introduction of new technology this would means business is making profit. So, companies may think about remuneration increment or bonuses to their employees to increase their motivation level. 5.1.6 Effective Communication and Decision Making Introduction of new technology may help companies to communicate effectively with their long distance businesses point of sales and thus it would be easy for them to make decision according to the requirement of a particular area. 5.1.7 Competitive Advantage Companies always decide to introduce new technology with keeping competitive advantages in their mind. It could be offering products on low prices without lowing standard of products. 5.2 Disadvantages of Introduction of New Technology Following are the disadvantages of the new technology in business: 5.2.1 Management Main disadvantage is the introduction of new technology to the business might be difficult to manage. So with high consideration of genuine need must take in to account. 5.2.2 Skills New technology if internal, the company may require to arrange appropriate training for its employees or if external (for customer use) then may not be user friendly and thus beyond the range of use from large number of customers and this would generate loss in return. 5.2.3 Maintenance The maintenance and up gradation of technology to keep it effective may incur more cost than its benefits. 5.2.4 Other Costs Other costs may be in terms of redundancy pay to the staff due to the introduction of new technology and purchasing it for the entire branches of business. 5.2.5 Time Factor Introduction of new technology may obsolete more quicker than the time company calculated to obtain benefits from it. 5.2.6 Integration Introduction of new technology may not integrate with all of the business processes or may bypass various activities which may be important to take into account for the effective outcome. 5.2.7 Substitute Substitute of the technology may be more efficient of cheaper than the technology company is going to arrange for its business activities. This would mean inefficient and costly decision by management without making proper research. 6. Conclusion From all of the above discussion we can abstract that introduction of new technology (if genuinely required by the company) has great potential to support the development and implement of business activities, align with strategy of the company while endowing a company with the effective information, processes and tool to obtain positive outcomes. The following features of introduction of new technology have identified: A lot of benefits of new technology are taken from the business processes and these processes brings together personnel from various divisions of the business endowing them chance to share effective information and their perspectives towards the development of new technology. The obvious advantage to develop and introduce the new technology is based on the effective communication which is associated with business processes and eventually with the strategic planning. The new technology development may have potential for supporting business planning and strategy to achieve the business objectives sketched by businesss vision. New technology introduction is not a black box approach that it would use as a learning experience or flexible approach that it would base on specific circumstances. Introduction of new technology should articulate in graphical form as it is the most effectual means which maintain communication across useful boundaries prior to the development of processes under new technology. New technology must integrate with technology already in use, products development, business processes and commercial activities by the company. New technology should overtly describe the time measurement which is significant for certifying that all business related activities are synchronised effectively. Introduction of new technology must focus on long term vision of the company as the initial investment for the development, implementation, and training about new technology costs as a huge expense to the company. Software plays an important role in every application in the technology. It may alone can not deliver the best results unless it is made as user friendly and integrated with all other related aspects of the business Finally a key benefit of introduction of new technology is sharing of knowledge among all the personnel even if around the globe and the development of strong and common vision where company is heading. 7. Recommendations After working about the implementation of RFID by Tesco and attached issues to this project following are few recommendations for its growth: YE ABHI CHANGE KERNI HEIN Establish Technology Management Practices Create IT Management Team ORG does not have a formal technology management team. Given the size of ORGs computing environment, CompuMentor recommends ORG develop an Information Technology Management Team. This team will drive the overall direction of technology and information systems. We have found this to be the most sustainable and cost effective way to manage the technology projects and systems that ORG will be developing. This team can be comprised of existing staff through a reallocation of their time depending the existing staff skill set, interest and budget considerations. Benefits Allows all staff to begin discussing needs, ideas and directions for technology. Provides a realistic technology budget that takes into account the organizations technology plans. Becomes a focal point for future technology planning, and specific technology projects such as web site construction or database planning. The diverse membership of the tech team can help ensure that such policy is useful for all members of an organization. Recommendation ORG should develop an Information Technology Management Team pooled from its existing staff. The team works to set technical priorities, assist in decisions in technology plan implementation and advocates for technology in the budgeting process. The team is made up of a representative cross-section of the organization. This will be increasingly important as ORGs technological capacity grows and the needs of its users become more diverse. The tech team ensures continuity for planning that outlasts the tenure of any one individual. The tech team should ensure that members also share training opportunities. Document Policies Procedures In order to most productively manage the technology usage at ORG it is important for the organization to document common computer procedures and computer usage policies and to train staff members on these policies and procedures. Recommendation The series of training materials that Miriam has produced should be finalized and deployed to all ORG staff members. Computer usage policies should be drafted and posted at each location. Improve Network Server and File Security. ORG should standardize and improve its network security. The mix of local vs. server accounts and the lack of standards for file organization and file sharing not only requires more overall administration; but also puts ORGs data at risk from loss, theft, or access to private files by individuals who should normally be denied access. Recommendation In order to provide a consistent model among all of its offices ORG should follow a standard set of guidelines for storing and sharing files. Additionally, all user accounts should be centralized on the servers at each location. A consistent file storage and sharing model will help users across the organization to know where to put files so that they are secure and confidential. Considerations This recommendation should be considered when planning to replace the network server at the unified Peabody/Whitehall office as many of the tasks below could be most quickly performed on a new server. Evaluate need for regular systems administration. Due to the size of ORGs organization, it should consider how much time is spent administering various systems and resolving day-to-day user problems. ORG presently has a person at each location designated as the defacto administrator. This role is in addition to their regular mission oriented duties. Recommendation ORG should track its daily user related issues and the amount of time it takes to resolve them over a period of time (30-60 days). Evaluate the time requirement to resolve such issues in order to identify if further scheduled support service or a full-time administrator is required to free up the time of the present administrators and to provide better service to staff members. Establish a formal technology budget. ORG pr

Friday, September 20, 2019

Plagiarism :: Cheating Essays papers

Plagiarism When we think of plagiarism the word criminal comes into mind. Contrary, one does not often intentionally mean to take an already written and published thought. However, the online Merriam-Webster Dictionary states that to plagiarize is â€Å"to commit literary theft† that is, to take ones â€Å"idea[s]† that are written down and â€Å"pass† theirs off as your own work. Nevertheless, the question- what if I did think and create that idea in my own mind- always pop up. The only way to explain the frequency of students plagiarizing is to blame the schools for not enforcing and teaching the rules. Therefore, when we educate others and ourselves the rules of copying and cheating there will not be any cases of accidental plagiarism. Society nowadays is flooded with online-websites, self help lines, and novels about the dangers of plagiarism and how to avoid it; yet students continue to steal others work for their own. With the over abundance of technological support and the vast variety of reference books and novels it is almost a temptation for students to plagiarize. All the same, students would not feel compelled to plagiarize if teachers would bring all the rules of citation into light. If we educate students at a young age that plagiarism is not the way to go then maybe the amount of plagiarism would drop. Furthermore, if there was a mandatory class that students took in their late elementary and throughout secondary schooling plagiarism would not be a major problem like it is today. Similar to the ignorance shared in the 1960’s because of the lack of knowledge about minorities, plagiarism is an issue that most people do not feel entirely confident and comfortable with due to their shortage of education.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Japan :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Japan Slide Program Report Japan is a very small country, approximately 144,000 square miles (smaller than California), and is inhabited by a considerably large population of over 120 million people (half the United States!) This makes Japan the seventh most populous nation in the world. Japan is located at the far west side of the north pacific ocean, and consists of more than 4,000 islands! However, the Japanese people live on less than 10 percent of this land mass due to rough, mountainous, volcanic terrain, which make up a substantial 70 percent. One of the most famous and symbolic volcano’s is Mt. Fuji. Among these many islands, only four are commonly known, including Hakkaido (northern-most, considered to be Japan’s â€Å"frontier†), Shikoku (the smallest of the four), Kyushu (most southern), and Honshu ( the largest and most populated.) Japan’s capital city is Tokyo, which is also one of the world’s largest cities. It consists of 12 million people! Tokyo became the imperial capital in 1868, with the downfall of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the end of the feudal period. And of course, it is home to the Imperial palace. The chrysanthemum flower is the symbol of the imperial family. Japan is an extremely modern civilization. After World War 2, much of Japan was destroyed, so in the rebuilding process of the nation, they were able to impose the very latest in technology, making them an â€Å"economic superpower† today. Their Gross National Product is so successful in fact, that it has nearly surpassed ours here in the United States! And is ranked second in the world. One of my favorite things in their very technologically-advanced society are the â€Å"bullet trains†, which are able to carry many people at speeds of up to 130 mph! They are safe, reliable, immaculately clean, and on time to the very second...How efficient! Another is their very modern system of parking in the thriving city of Sapporo, in which cars are lifted and rearranged in order to take full advantage of every last inch of precious space in crowded Japan. Despite this modernization, Japan is also very determined to maintain it’s highly distinctive (and lovely) tradition. In an attempt to keep the country culturally isolated from the surrounding world, like it is physically, the ancient Japanese invented their very own unique culture including beautiful (and very expensive) kimono’s for the women, and sumo- wrestling for the men, just to name a few.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Behind the walls of the Ghetto Essay -- essays research papers fc

Behind the Walls of the Ghetto   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Commenting on the famed Los Angeles ghetto in which he grew up, gangster rapper Ice Cube asserts, â€Å"If you ain’t never been to the ghetto, don’t ever come to the ghetto† (Cube, Ghetto Vet). But why are American ghettos filled with so much violence, drugs, and inopportunity? In John Singleton’s powerful drama Boyz N the Hood the harsh reality of youths growing up in South Central Los Angeles, a place where drive-by shootings and unemployment are rampant, is brought to life. Shot entirely on location in South Central LA, Boyz N the Hood presents its story with maximum honesty and realism. The movie is a prime example of how American ghettos are dead end environments with minute chances for survival. If we are to put an end to the destitute, prison-like ghetto environments, we first need to take a look at what goes on there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One can point to many initiating factors from racism to property owner’s aspirations of gentrification that create ghettos. Furious Styles, the strong and intelligent father of the film’s main character Tre, addresses the issue of why these areas are in such a dire state when he says: [†¦] How do you think the crack rock gets into the country we [black people] don’t own any planes, we don’t own no ships†¦we are not the people who are flyin’ and floatin’ that shit in here [†¦] why is it that there a gun shop on almost every corner in this community? [†¦] For the same reason that there’s a liquor store on almost every corner in the Black community, [†¦] they want us to kill ourselves. You go out to Beverly Hills you don’t see that shit, the best way you can destroy a people is if you take away their ability reproduce themselves. (Singleton) In this passage, Furious presents ideas of white property holders looking for the best way to exterminate the Black and Hispanic communities in their area. The late rapper Tupac Shakur once declared, â€Å"We [Black people] ain’t meant to survive cuz it’s a set up† (Shakur, Keep Ya Head Up). As far-fetched as these notions may seem, they may hold more truth than one thinks. Questions arise as to the relation between the ghetto and the upper class areas. Oddly, these communities, though only miles apart, are completely detached. In a study on ghettos in America, Ed Glaeser writes that: These districts commonly called ‘gh... ...r any other sport after college, is slim to none. At the very least, more high profile avenues out of the ghetto such as science and the arts need to be instituted in order to provide better opportunity for the futures of ghetto youths. Works Cited Boyz N The Hood. Dir. John Singleton. Perf. Ice Cube, Cuba Gooding Jr., Morris Chestnut, and Larry Fishburne. Columbia Pictures, 1991. Glaeser, Ed. â€Å"Ghettos.† Regional Review 7 (1997): 1-7. Guarino-Ghezzi, Susan. â€Å"Reintegrative Police Surveillance of Juvenile Offenders: Forging An Urban Model.† Crime & Delinquency. 40 (1994): 1-16. Hagan, John. â€Å"Class Fortification Against Crime In Canada.† Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology. 29 (1992): 1-11. Vergara, Camilo Jose. â€Å"A Guide to the Ghettos.† Nation Company Inc. 256 (1993): 1-5. Vergara, Camilo Jose. â€Å"Our Fortified Ghettos.† Nation Company Inc. 258 (1994): 1-4. Vergara, Camilo Jose. â€Å"Traces of Life: The Visual Language Of the Ghetto.† RC Publications Inc. 47 (1993): 1-4. Zukin, Sharon. â€Å"How ‘Bad’ Is It?: Institutions and Intentions in the Study Of the American Ghetto.† International Journal of Urban & Regional Research 22 (1998): 1-11.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

What is SAP? Why do we need ERP?

It spoke as simply showing that enterprises have any departments which in order to successful must exchange data between each other in a timely way. It explained the major two software systems are decentralized or centralized (ERP) systems. Decentralized is where data is maintained locally in individual dept. Deeps do not have access to data of other deeps. When an unfavorable situation arises, the company have to check with each dept of a chain to take care of the problem or question.This results in inefficiency and loss of money. Other negative issues may arise such as separate Info sys are developed over time. Integrating data is time consuming and data may be lost in process. Inconsistencies may lead to more wasted time and money. As a result, there will be customer dissatisfaction which leads to loss of repute and revenue. Centralized system is where data is maintained at a central location and Is shared. Individual departments have access to Information of other departments.Thi s data can be Immediately accessed and the unforeseen or unfortunate Issue can be address much quickly without looking to each department to find the solution. Synchronized Information data is therefore timely, Increases productivity, better Inventory management, remotes quality, reduced material cost, effective human resources management, and reduced overheads boosts profits. The video was clear In It's explanation, had the process pictured simply and understandable.Language was at an educated level yet not use over bearing language usage. Microsoft Dynamics AX Is an Interesting vender which did not state or made It clear If they are specialized In selling to the size of a business, but as I looked Into this vender, It appeared that the application can be utilized by any business. According to most videos, they gave me a feeling of leaning more to the medium to large businesses. They offered much online concerning Microsoft Dynamics AX. A lot Is put Into expressing the program.That tells me that they expect more Intense businesses to be Interested. What is SAP? Why do we need ERP? By Johan-Von Behr Other negative issues may arise such as separate info sys are developed over time. Where data is maintained at a central location and is shared. Individual departments have access to information of other departments. This data can be immediately accessed and the unforeseen or unfortunate issue can be address much quickly without looking to each department to find the solution.Synchronized information data is therefore timely, increases productivity, better inventory management, and reduced overheads boosts profits. The video was clear in it's explanation, had yet not use over bearing language usage. Microsoft Dynamics AX is an interesting vender which did not state or made it clear if they are specialized in selling to the size of a business, but as I looked into this vender, it appeared that the application concerning Microsoft Dynamics AX. A lot is put into expre ssing the program. That tells me that they expect more intense businesses to be interested.